tonic

McLaughlin, "Human pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in tissue culture is tonically inhibited by opioid growth factor," International Journal of Oncology, vol.

(25) The transversus abdominus has been shown to contract tonically as it produces constant tension that is maintained at a low level.

Siegel (4) hypothesises that orexin's major role is to facilitate motor activity tonically and phasically in association with motivated behaviours and to co-ordinate this facilitation with the activation of attentional and sensory systems.

Gene expression of endothelin-1, a potent vasoconstrictor, is upregulated in sepsis models and implicated in the shift towards a more tonically constricted state.

Three additional small but crucial components of basal ganglia shown in figure 2 are subthalamic nucleus (STN), tonically active cholinergic neurons (TANs), and substantia nigra pars compacta (S[N.sub.C]).

* Stimulation of mammary gland development in female offspring occurred at the very low maternal dose of 0.025 [micro]g/kg/day delivered tonically by an Alzet pump (Markey et al.

A second, smaller population of these VOA and VOP neurons (not shown) tonically discharge with a higher frequency.

Endogenous gut-derived bacterial endotoxin tonically primes pancreatic secretion in normal rats.

GC participates in the regulation of its own synthesis by stimulating the hippocampus, which will tonically inhibit CRH neurons in the hypothalamus.

The STN is normally tonically inhibited by a GABA dependent input from neurones in GPe, which also have been shown to demonstrate high resting discharge rates.

(16) Moreover, researchers have hypothesized that chronic treatment with propranolol may be effective in decreasing hyperarousal symptoms in patients with chronic PTSD by reducing tonically elevated norepinephrine signaling.

The ARCN-to-PVN circuit involved in energy homeostasis is directly and tonically controlled by leptin in a multinodal fashion [5].

Facilitatory effects of the antagonist suggest that the system may be tonically active to control pyramidal output.