Martin Heidegger

Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger
	Heidegger in 1960
Janam	26 September 1889; [Meßkirch], Baden, Germany
Maut	26 May 1976 (aged 86); Meßkirch, Baden-Württemberg,; West Germany
Shiksha	Template:Interlanguage link multi; (1909–1911); University of Freiburg; (PhD, 1914; Dr. phil. hab. 1916)
Jivan Saathi	Elfride Petri (m. 1917)
Partner(s)	Elisabeth Blochmann (1918–1969); Hannah Arendt (1924–1928)
Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Continental philosophy; Existentialism; Hermeneutics; Phenomenology;
Institutions	University of Marburg; University of Freiburg
Theses	The Doctrine of Judgment in Psychologism:; A Critical-theoretical Contribution to Logic; Duns Scotus's Doctrine of Categories; and Meaning (1916);
Doctoral advisor	Arthur Schneider (PhD advisor); Heinrich Rickert (Dr. phil. hab. advisor)
Main interests	Art; Greek philosophy; Language; ; Metaphysics; Ontology; Poetry; ; Technology;
Political party	Nazi Party (1933–1945)
Signature

Martin Heidegger (/ˈhaɪdɛɡər, ˈhaɪdɪɡər/;^[1] ^[1] 26 September 1889 – 26 May 1976) ek German philosopher rahaa, jiske phenomenology, hermeneutics, aur existentialism khaatir jaana jaae hae. Uske 20th century ke sab se jaada important aur influential philosopher maana jaae hae.

April 1933 me Heidegger ke University of Freiburg ke rector chuna gais rahaa aur uske ii time Nazi Party ke membership ke khaatir criticize karaa gais rahaa. World War II ke baad uske Freiburg se nikaal ke teacher ke kaam se ban kar dewa gais rahaa.

Heidegger ke pahila book, Being and Time, 1927 me publish karaa gais rahaa. Being and Timeke publication ke baad, Heidegger lecture karis aur likhis dher subject ke baare me , jaise technology, Kant, metaphysics, aur humanism.

Jiwan kahani

Bachpan ke din

Heidegger ke janam 26 September 1889 me dehati Meßkirch, Baden me bhais rahaa, Johanna (Kempf) aur Friedrich Heidegger ke larrka. Uske pitaji sexton of the village church rahaa, aur chhotaa Martin kewas raised Catholic dharam me paala gais rahaa.^[2]

1903 me, Heidegger priesthood ke training suruu karis rahaa.Uu ek Jesuit seminary me 1909 me bharti bhais rahaa, lekin kuchh haftaa baad uske nikaal dewa gais rahaaa kaaheki uske dik ke bemaari rahaa. Ii time rahaa jab uu Franz Brentano ke kaam ke dekhis rahaa. Hian se uu theology aur scholastic philosophy parrhe ke khaatir University of Freiburg me.^[2]

1911 me, uu priesthood ke training ke chhorr ke philosophy ke taraf ghuuma, khaas kar ke, Edmund Husserl ke Logical Investigations. Uu ek thesis psychologism pe, The Doctrine of Judgment in Psychologism: A Critical-theoretical Contribution to Logic, se 1914 me graduate bhais rahaa. Agle saal uu, aapan habilitation thesis Duns Scotus pe karis rahaa, jiske Heinrich Rickert, a neo-Kantian direct karis rahaa, aur Husserl's phenomenology se influenced rahaa.^[3]^[2]^[4] Ii title ke dher bhasa me publish karaa gais hae aur English bhasa me hae Duns Scotus's Doctrine of Categories and Meaning.^[5]

Uu University of Freiburg me (Catholic) philosophy ke post ke 23 June 1916 me join kare ke kosis karis lekin Heinrich Finke [de] ke support ke bawajuut, asafal rahaa.^[6] Iske jagha uu suruu me ek unsalaried Privatdozent ke kaam karis aur ek sipaahi rahaa World War I ke aakhri saal me. Uu larrai ke aakhri das mahina me ek meteorological unit me western front me bitais rahaa jab uske combat ke khaatir unfit bataawa gais rahaa.^[2]^[7]

1919 se 1923 talak, Heidegger University of Freiburg me parrhais rahaa.^[8]^{[lower-alpha 1]} Ii time uu Edmund Husserl ke assistant rahaa, jon huan pe ek professor rahaa 1916 se.^[2]

Marburg

1923 me, Heidegger ke ek extraordinary professorship in philosophy pe elect karaa gais rahaa, University of Marburg me. Huan pe uske saathi me rahin Rudolf Bultmann, Nicolai Hartmann, Paul Tillich, aur Paul Natorp.^[9] Heidegger ke students, Marburg me rahin Hans-Georg Gadamer, Helene Weiss, Karl Löwith, Hannah Arendt, Gerhard Krüger, Leo Strauss, Jacob Klein, Günther Anders, aur Hans Jonas. Aristotle ke follow kar ke, uu aapan lectures ke develop karis rahaa philosophy ke khaas theme me: sense of being ke sawaal. Uu concept of subject ke extend karis rahaa dimension of history aur concrete existence me, jiske uu paais ki prefigured kuchh Christian thinkers jaise Paul of Tarsus, Augustine of Hippo, Martin Luther, aur Søren Kierkegaard. Uu Wilhelm Dilthey, Husserl, Max Scheler, aur Friedrich Nietzsche ke kaam ke bhi parrhis rahaa.^[10]

1927 me, Heidegger aapan khaas kaam , Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) ke publish karis rahaa. Uu khaas kar ke full professor bane maangat rahaa.^[2] Ii book, isse bhi jaada karis rahaa:: ii uske "a position of international intellectual visibility" me uthais rahaa.^[10]

Freiburg

Jab Husserl retire bhais rahaa as professor of philosophy 1928 me, Heidegger Freiburg ke election ki uu uske succeed kae ke acccept karis rahaa, ek counteroffer Marburg se, ke baawa jutt. Uske 1929 ke pahila lecture ke title rahaa "What is Metaphysics?" Ii saal uu Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics bhi publish karis rahaa.^[2]

Heidegger Freiburg im Breisgau me aapan jindagi bhar rahaa , aur duusra offer ke decline kar diis rahaa , jisme rahaa ek Humboldt University of Berlin se. Freiburg me uske students me rahaa Hannah Arendt, Günther Anders, Hans Jonas, Karl Löwith, Charles Malik, Herbert Marcuse, aur Ernst Nolte.^[11]^[12] Emmanuel Levinas uske lecture courses ke attend karis rahaa, aapan stay pe Freiburg me, 1928 me, jaise Jan Patočka karis rahaa 1933 me; Patočka, khaas kar ke, usse deeply influenced rahaa.^[13]^[14]

Heidegger ke university ke rector, 21 April 1933 me chuna gais rahaa; uu Nazi Party ke 1 May me join karis rahaa, Adolf Hitler ke chancellor bane ke khaali tiin mahina baad.^[15]^[2] Ii time jab uu rector rahaa, party ke kattar samarthak rahaa.^[16]^[17] the relationship between his philosophy and his political allegiance to Nazism ke baare me controversy hae.^[18]^[19] Uu maangat rahaa ki uu philosopher of the party bane, lekin the highly abstract nature of his work and the opposition of Alfred Rosenberg, jon apne uu position pe act kare maangat rahaa, ke kaaran Heidegger ke role pe rukaawat bhais rahaa. Uske rector ke padh se removal owed more to his frustration as an administrator than to any principled opposition to the Nazis, according to historians.^[20] Rector ke ruup me uu aapan pahila bhasan me, 27 May me, German revolution ke support karis rahaa, aur ii article me aur ek bhasan students ke khaatir, wahii saal me, Adolf Hitler ke support ke baare me bolis rahaa.^[21] November 1933 me, Heidegger Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State ke sign karis rahaa. Heidegger rectorate se resign April 1934 me karis rahaa aur ek teaching agenda jon Nazi cultural politics se aligned rahaa, 1945 talak pursue karis rahaa.^[22]

References

1 2 Wells 2008.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Inwood 2019, chapter 1.
↑ Alfieri 2015, p. 6.
↑ Luft 2015, p. 461.
↑ Worldcat website Archived 1 Disambar 2023 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 27 November 2023.
↑ Altman 2012, p. 79.
↑ Korab-Karpowicz, §1.
↑ McCormick, S., The Chattering Mind: A Conceptual History of Everyday Talk (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2020), p. 124.
↑ Gross & Kemmann 2005, p. 65.
1 2 Wheeler 2020, §1.
↑ Wolin 2015.
↑ Fleischacker 2008.
↑ Steinfels 1995.
↑ Findlay 2002, p. 32.
↑ Bambach 2003, p. 82.
↑ Hemming 2013, chapter 7.
↑ Farin 2016.
↑ Knowles, Adam (2019). Heidegger's fascist affinities: a politics of silence. Stanford (Calif.): Stanford University press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0819-1.
↑ Sheehan 1988.
↑ Knowles, Adam (2018), "Martin Heidegger’s Nazi Conscience," in Probing the Limits of Categorization: The Bystander in Holocaust History, ed. Christina Morina and Krijn Thijs (New York: Berghahn Books), 168-186.
↑ Young 1998, pp. 3, 11.
↑ Knowles, Adam (2019). Heidegger's fascist affinities: a politics of silence. Stanford (Calif.): Stanford University press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0819-1.

↑ See his published courses in Gesamtausgabe. Early Freiburg lecture courses, 1919–1923.

Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

[FOOTNOTEWells2008-1] 1 2 Wells 2008.

[FOOTNOTEInwood2019chapter_1-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Inwood 2019, chapter 1.

[FOOTNOTEAlfieri20156-3] Alfieri 2015, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTELuft2015461-4] Luft 2015, p. 461.

[5] Worldcat website Archived 1 Disambar 2023 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 27 November 2023.

[FOOTNOTEAltman201279-6] Altman 2012, p. 79.

[FOOTNOTEKorab-Karpowicz§1-7] Korab-Karpowicz, §1.

[8] McCormick, S., The Chattering Mind: A Conceptual History of Everyday Talk (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2020), p. 124.

[FOOTNOTEGrossKemmann200565-10] Gross & Kemmann 2005, p. 65.

[FOOTNOTEWheeler2020§1-11] 1 2 Wheeler 2020, §1.

[FOOTNOTEWolin2015-12] Wolin 2015.

[FOOTNOTEFleischacker2008-13] Fleischacker 2008.

[FOOTNOTESteinfels1995-14] Steinfels 1995.

[FOOTNOTEFindlay200232-15] Findlay 2002, p. 32.

[FOOTNOTEBambach200382-16] Bambach 2003, p. 82.

[FOOTNOTEHemming2013[https://books.google.com/books?id=fjC-hf2kFsIC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA140&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false_chapter_7]-17] Hemming 2013, chapter 7.

[FOOTNOTEFarin2016-18] Farin 2016.

[:1-19] Knowles, Adam (2019). Heidegger's fascist affinities: a politics of silence. Stanford (Calif.): Stanford University press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0819-1.

[FOOTNOTESheehan1988-20] Sheehan 1988.

[:2-21] Knowles, Adam (2018), "Martin Heidegger’s Nazi Conscience," in Probing the Limits of Categorization: The Bystander in Holocaust History, ed. Christina Morina and Krijn Thijs (New York: Berghahn Books), 168-186.

[FOOTNOTEYoung19983,_11-22] Young 1998, pp. 3, 11.

[23] Knowles, Adam (2019). Heidegger's fascist affinities: a politics of silence. Stanford (Calif.): Stanford University press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0819-1.

[9] See his published courses in Gesamtausgabe. Early Freiburg lecture courses, 1919–1923.

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